Trends in Research on the History of Medicine in Korea before the Modern Era

Abstract

Research on the history of medicine in Korea in the form of modern scholarship began with the publication in 1930 of Yi Neunghwas (sic) A History of the Development of Medicine in Korea (sic). The purpose of the present study lies in surveying studies on the history of medicine in Korea in the past 80 years since the publication of Yis paper. In terms of periodization, research on the history of medicine in Korea is bifurcated by the publication of two comprehensive histories-i.e., Miki Sakaes (sic) A History of Medicine and Disease in Korea (sic; 1963) and Kim Du-jongs (sic) The Complete History of Medicine in Korea (sic; 1966). Indeed, all earlier studies converged in these two books. Because Miki and Kim both had majored in Western medicine and conducted research based on similar perspectives, data, and methods, the two works overlap considerably, and Kims book, as the later of the two, unfortunately lost the initiative to the former to a considerable extent. As a result of these two scholars research, it became possible to trace the overall flow of the history of medicine in Korea. Following the publication of works by Miki and Kim and with the advent of the 1980s, research on the history of medicine in premodern Korea was renovated with the emergence of no fewer than some dozen new doctoral degree holders in the field. In fact, these young scholars went beyond surveying trends in each era to expand the scope of specific discussions and topics per era, to delve into the actual contents, and to elucidate the function of medicine in society. The fruits of studies conducted in the past 80 years on the history of medicine in premodern Korea can be summarized as follows. 1) before the 5th century AD: the existence of a comprehensive medical practice in regions inhabited by those considered to be the ancestors of the Korean people; and information on medication including ginseng. 2) 5th-10th centuries: the existence of professional medical posts; the management of medicine by the royal household; institutions for medical education; the import and use of Chinese medical texts (sic); the compilation of independent medical texts; the transmission of medical knowledge to Japan; and the import and export of medicinal ingredients. 3) 10th-14th centuries: public medical organs; medicine focusing on domestic medication; the invitation of medical doctors and the transmission of new medicine from Song China; the inclusion of medicine in the civil service examinations; the compilation of diverse types of Korean medical texts including those on native medicinal ingredients (sic); disaster relief organs; regional medical organs; regional medicinal ingredient tribute (sic) system; and the states measures against infectious diseases. 4) 14th-17th centuries: the consolidation of traditional East Asian medicine; the consolidation of Korean medicine including native medicinal ingredients; the emergence of a medical tradition that stresses the Daoist preservation of health (sic); and the publication of dozens of types of Chinese and Korean medical texts led by the central and regional governments. Also noteworthy is the emergence of simple medical texts on emergency relief (sic), pregnancy and childbirth (sic), smallpox (sic), and epidemics (sic) as well as the dissemination of their vernacular editions. In addition, there were phenomena such as the increasing occupation of the posts of medical officials (sic) by the non-aristocratic middling jungin (sic) class; the existence of Confucian scholar-physicians (sic) and women physicians (sic); and the compilation of texts on independent external medicine (sic). 5) 17th-19th centuries: the formation of medicinal ingredient markets (sic); the spread of pharmacies (sic) throughout the provinces; a vogue for Ming Chinese medical texts; veneration for the Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine (sic); the emergence of a positivistic stance toward medical research; a vogue for experiential r