Measurement of thermal properties of liquid analytes using microfluidic resonators via photothermal modulation

Abstract

Understanding the thermal properties of fluids at the nanoscale with high spatial, temporal, and thermal resolution are on great demand in the fields of MEMS, drug development, biomedical devices, and analytical systems. Microfluidic channel-integrated cantilevers are considered as an established benchtop sensor platform for physical and thermal characterization of materials at the picogram amount of analytes. This paper reports analysis of thermal characteristics of liquid analytes using photothermal heating effect of the microfluidic cantilever. Using real-time tracking of frequency shift of microfluidic resonator, the thermal properties of liquid samples can be estimated whilst the liquid analytes in the cantilever are locally heated by laser-induced irradiation. The heating results in the expansion of the liquid inside the channel which induces thermal stress on the walls of the channel. This thermal stress contributes to the rise of the resonance frequency of the microfluidic resonator and, therefore, the frequency shift is linearly dependent on the volumetric coefficient expansion of the liquid. A threefold improved sensitivity is observed when the second order flexural vibration mode is analyzed compared to that of the fundamental resonance. This approach, which combines photothermal heating and the dynamic mode of operation, can serve as a platform for the development of a portable, lab on a chip device for the use of real time detection of thermomechanical properties of fluids at low cost. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.