Downsizing of Block Polymer-Templated Nanopores to One Nanometer via Hyper-Cross-Linking of High chi-Low N Precursors

Abstract

Synthesizing nanoporous polymer from the block polymer template by selective removal of the sacrificial domain offers straightforward pore size control as a function of the degree of polymerization (N). Downscaling pore size into the microporous regime (<2 nm) has been thermodynamically challenging, because the low N drives the system to disorder and the small-sized pore is prone to collapse. Herein, we report that maximizing cross-linking density of a block polymer precursor with an increased interaction parameter (χ) can help successfully stabilize the structure bearing pore sizes of 1.1 nm. We adopt polymerization-induced microphase separation (PIMS) combined with hyper-cross-linking as a strategy for the preparation of the bicontinuous block polymer precursors with a densely cross-linked framework by copolymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride with divinylbenzene and also Friedel–Crafts alkylation. Incorporating 4-vinylbiphenyl as a higher-χ comonomer to the sacrificial polylactide (PLA) block and optimizing the segregation strength versus cross-linking density allow for further downscaling. Control of pore size by N of PLA is demonstrated in the range of 9.9–1.1 nm. Accessible surface area to fluorescein-tagged dextrans is regulated by the relative size of the pore to the guest, and pore size is controlled. These findings will be useful for designing microporous polymers with tailored pore size for advanced catalytic and separation applications.