The present invention relates to a nerve-cell-regenerating pharmaceutical composition containing Vax protein as an active ingredient, and, more specifically, the Vax protein can advantageously be used as a nerve-cell-regenerating pharmaceutical composition as it has been confirmed that Vax1 is secreted from a ventral hypothalamus (vHT) section isolated from the mouse and that, after the secreted Vax1 has been bound to extracellular sugar groups of heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) present in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons of a co-cultured retinal section such that the product penetrates as axoplasm (axonplasm), the synthesis of local protein is activated and the growth of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is promoted.