An analysis of upset forging of square blocks considering the three-dimensional bulging of sides

Abstract

A simple kinematically admissible velocity field for three-dimensional deformation in upset forging of square blocks is proposed which considers not only the sidewise spread but also bulging along thickness. From the derived velocity fields the upper bound load andt he deformed configuration are determined by optimizing some given parameters. Experiments are carried out with annealed AISI 1015 steel billets at room temperature for different thickness and lubrication conditions. The theoretical estimates both in forging load and the deformed configuration are in good agreement with the experimental results. It is shown that the velocity field proposed in this work can be used conveniently for the prediction of forging load and deformation in upset forging of square blocks. © 1985.