Thinking Outside the Cage: Controlling the Extrinsic Porosity and Gas Uptake Properties of Shape-Persistent Molecular Cages in Nanoporous Polymers

Abstract

We present a new strategy to introduce local-order into amorphous nanoporous polymers using shape-persistent organic cage compounds as molecular building blocks in the synthesis of porous cage frameworks (pCAGEs) without any metal catalyst under environmentally benign conditions. We have demonstrated that by varying the size and dimension of the organic linkers extrinsic porosity of organic cages within nanoporous polymers can be controlled, thus allowing us to tune the surface area and gas uptake properties of amorphous pCAGEs. pCAGEs (SA(BET) = 628.7-844.3 m(2) g(-1)) revealed significantly high CO, uptake capacities (up to 4.21 mmol g(-1) at 1 bar, 273 K) with prominent CO2/N-2 IAST selectivities (up to 100). Unlike previously reported triazine-based polymers, pCAGEs showed exceptional isosteric heats of adsorption (Q(st)) values up to 42.9 kJ mol(-1) for CO2 at high loading. We attribute the high affinity of CAGE toward CO2 to the presence of a "cage effect" arising from ultramicroporosity (intrinsic porosity) of CAGE monomers. To prove the cage effect, we have synthesized a control polymer incorporating half-CAGEs as monomeric units. The resulting polymer showed substantially lower Q(st) values compared to the CAGE and pCAGEs indicating the presence of the cage effect. In addition, the control over the surface area in the case of control polymer was lost completely, thus showing the importance of CAGE monomers as building blocks and the resulting local-order.