(An) economic analysis of ubiquitous business from perspectives on the ownership

Abstract

Angiopoietin-1 (Angl) is an essential molecule for blood vessel formation. However, little is known about the structure-function relationships of Angl with its receptor, Tie2 (tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domain-2). Angl and Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) variants was generated to define the role of the superclustering and oligomerization domains of the Angl protein. Then the molecular structure of the variants was analyzed with SDS-PAGE and rotary metal-shadowing transmission electron microscopy (RMSTEM) and the effects of these variants on the binding and activation of Tie2 were determined. Angl exists as heterogeneous multimers with basic trimeric, tetrameric, and pentameric oligomers, whereas Ang2 exists as trimeric, tetrameric, and pentameric oligomers. The variant Ang1C265S, consisting of trimers, tetramers, and pentamers without multimeric forms of Angl, yielded less Tie2 activation than did Angl, whereas monomeric Angl (Angl/FD), dimeric Angl variants (AnglD2, and AnglD3), and dimeric and trimeric Angl variant (AnglDl) dramatically lost their ability to bind and activate Tie2. An Angl protein in which two cysteines (amino acids #41 and #54) were replaced with serines (Ang1C41S/C54S) formed mostly dimers and trimers that were not able to bind and activate Tie2. In addition, improper creation of a new cysteine in Ang2 (Ang2S263C) dramatically induced oligomerization of Ang2 like Angl without activating Tie2. In conclusion, proper oligomerization of Angl having at least four subunits by the intermolecular disulfide linkage involving cysteines 41 and 54 is critical for Tie2 binding and activation.